Basics of English Gramma

If you just started learning English, you first need to know some basic rules of the language. Developing a solid foundation in English grammar will not only help you create your own sentences correctly but will also make it easier to improve your communication skills in both spoken and written English.

Study all the lessons below and incorporate your learning into your speaking and writing.

1. Singular and Plural Nouns 2. Count Nouns vs. Non-Count Nouns 3. Possessive Nouns 4. Pronouns 5. 'Be' Verbs 6. Action Verbs 7. Adjectives 8. Comparative and Superlative Adjectives 9. Adverbs 10. Simple Tense 11. Progressive and Perfect Tense 12. Perfect Progressive Tense 13. Irregular Verbs 14. Gerunds 15. Infinitives 1

16. Infinitives 2 17. Active Voice and Passive Voice 18. Indicative, Imperative, Subjunctive Mood 19. Auxiliary Verbs - 'Be,' 'Do,' 'Have' 20. Auxiliary Verbs - 'Will/Would,' 'Shall/Should' 21. Auxiliary Verbs - 'Can/Could,' 'May/Might/Must' 22. Prepositions - 'On,' 'At,' 'In' 23. Prepositions - 'Of,' 'To,' 'For' 24. Prepositions - 'With,' 'Over,' 'By' 25. Conjunctions - Coordinating and Correlative 26. Conjunctions - Subordinating 27. Conjunctive Adverbs 28. Articles - Indefinite and Definite 29. Interjections 30. Capitalization

 

 

 

 

 

5 Easy Ways to Learn Grammar With The New York Times

Alejandro Yegros

For our first guest post, we’ve invited the good people at Grammarlogues, a software- and Web-based tool “founded on the premise that grammar matters most when it has meaning beyond a set of memorized rules,” to write about ways to use The Times to bring grammar lessons to life. Come tell us how you make grammar come alive, below!

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Grammar, Party of One
By Danielle Hoagland and Judith McCaffrey for Grammarlogues.com

National Grammar Day. Three words that might elicit an even greater sigh than the term grammar itself.

The holiday conjures up images of celebrants frantically grabbing red pens and running through towns and cities, adding, crossing out, and otherwise correcting abuses of syntax and diction. Innocent passersby and unsuspecting onlookers are interrogated: True or false: You cannot end a sentence with a preposition. Infinitives should never be split. Passive voice is always wrong.

Let’s reclaim this national holiday right here and now. Boycott the red pen that ensnares us in syntactical games of right and wrong, and pick up a piece of literature, any piece of literature, and explore the English language with fresh eyes.

Or just read The New York Times, which provides a panoply of grammar concepts that rivals any handbook. Consider the following five possibilities:

1. Variation Exploration

Reporters and editorial writers have one job in common: holding their readers’ interest. An essential tool for doing this is sentence variety, or using different sentence structures to avoid monotony.

The three-sentence paragraph below by Adam Liptak is a good example—he follows a simple sentence with a complex sentence, which he extends with two fairly hefty participial phrases, and he concludes the paragraph with a simple question:

“The proposed trial of Khalid Shaikh Mohammed in Manhattan presented perhaps the most extreme example of this conundrum. Had the trial proceeded there, a change of venue motion based on local news coverage and community outrage was almost inevitable, given Mr. Mohammed’s confession to planning the Sept. 11 terrorist attacks. But would that intensity of feeling be any less anywhere else in the United States?”
— “Finding Untainted Jurors in the Age of the Internet”

Try this: Find one other example of sentence variety in a paragraph from an article in The Times that interests you. Analyze it as we did here to describe why it works. For more on complex sentences, click here.

2. Punctuation Station

The Times is a one-stop shop for punctuation, with virtually every mark used in every issue.

In the sentence below, for instance, Jonah Lehrer uses a semicolon to separate two independent clauses. Are alternate punctuation marks possible? What would happen, for instance, if a comma were used instead?

Darwin, of course, was wrong; his recurring fits didn’t prevent him from succeeding in science.
— “Want a Better Listener? Protect Those Ears”

There is no better model for the punctuation of dialogue than an article containing dialogue. The example below of an interrupted quote is a good demonstration:

“We need to look at noise as something that is dangerous,” Ms. Nadler said, “like sharp tools or a hot stove.”
— “Depression’s Upside”

Try this: Pick a type of punctuation mark, the semicolon for example, and scan an article to see where these are placed and how they are used. Then use one of those sentences as a model to try your own use of that mark. (And for more on semicolons, click here.)

3. Rule Breaker

You must understand the “rules” of grammar before you break them. If you read The Times regularly, you’ll see instances when writers intentionally break the “rules” to achieve a purpose. For example:

Is one of the sentences below a fragment? If so, what effect does it have on the article?

“Then came overtime. Pressure anyone?”
— “Crosby’s Goal Ends Thriller as Canada Beats U.S.”

Does the following sentence end in a preposition, and if so, is this the only way to express the idea? For the answer, click here.

“The Knicks (20-39) have lost 10 of their last 11 games and have 23 games left to muddle through.”
— “James Shows Knicks Just Why He Is Their Fondest Wish”

Why might a writer use a string of passive verbs in a particular sentence? In the following sentence, how do these passive constructions emphasize the topic?

“The roles of most of the 20,000 or so genes in the human genome are still poorly understood, but all can be assigned to broad categories of likely function depending on the physical structure of the protein they specify.”
— “Human Culture, an Evolutionary Force”

Try this: How many Times sentences can you find that “break the rules”? Which work best? Why?

4. Sherlock Holmes

Incorporating quotations to support a thesis effectively and correctly is difficult, but journalists deal with this aspect of writing constantly, whether the text is a factual account or an opinion. Consider the indirect quote below from an article on the upcoming election in Iraq. Readers do not know whether these were Suliman’s exact words; however, the statement must accurately convey his thought:

“His most prominent Sunni ally, Sheik Ali Hatam al-Ali Suliman, said the voting bloc he represented in Anbar would never vote directly for Mr. Maliki.”
— “Vote Seen as Pivotal Test for Both Iraq and Maliki”

Try this: You won’t have to read far to find examples in The Times of both direct and indirect quotations. Try conversion practice yourself by changing a direct quote into an indirect quote, following the punctuation approach you see in the Times article. For more on direct quotes, click here.

5. Confusion Central

The best of us sometimes get tangled up in lengthy sentences, sidetracked by the ancillary ideas in subordinate clauses or prepositional phrases.

Take a sticky sentence apart in order to get to its core. For instance, the fundamental information in the sentence below about the actor Jeff Bridges is quite brief: Duane is the subject; set is the verb; the template is the direct object.